Torque-Transferring Characteristics of Offshore Tetrapod Piled Jacket Foundations in Dense Sand

Tetrapod piled jacket (TPJ) foundations that support offshore wind turbines (OWTs) tend to be subjected significant torque is caused by eccentric loading from wind, waves, or accidental vessel impact. This paper presented a comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) numerical analysis investigate TPJs performance under torsional loading, which considered the distribution of local and rotation over pile shafts underlying load transfer mechanism. A modified Mohr–Coulomb (MMC) model for dense sands was implemented in ABAQUS/Standard captured evolution friction dilation (ψ) angles against accumulated plastic shear strain (γp). The results showed imposed at head TPJ foundation could trigger soil reactions resistance (τs) horizontal force (Hp) individual piles; higher spacing-to-diameter ratios (S/D) mitigated influence loads. pressure-dependent proposed effects pile–sand relative stiffness sand’s density (DR). employed predict response improve their practical design.